Akron’s children Hospital (Case Study)

Akron Children’s Hospital started as a day care nursery provider in 1890 and became one of the largest pediatric healthcare system in the united state. Akron Children’s Hospital is located in a friendly community of Akron, Ohio. With more than 3000 pediatric specialists Akron Children’s Hospital offers over 30 practice areas of medicine and surgery specialized for children which help the hospital draw over half a million patients a year not only from the United states, but also from all over the world(akronchildrens. org). Akron Children’s Hospital mission is to provide medical treatments to infants, children, adolescents, as well as burn victims of all ages. The hospital also provide basic and clinical research and provide multi-level professional education students of medicine, nursing, as well as Akron residents and various allied health professions. Moreover, the hospital is continuing to provide education to encourage and to make it easy on the process of lifelong learning for physicians and other children’s care providers in the health care industry. Akron Children’s Hospital commitment is to maintain the maximum quality of care for children by using the latest modern technology and equipment available. Akron is committed to promote integrity, emphasize the dignity, family member and fellow employee to follow the topmost standards of ethical conduct. The hospital is committed to maintain and press forward the hospital’s leadership role to successfully work pleasantly with other health care networks providers, community organizations, businesses as well as government to maintain a proficient professional allied and lastly operation. According to Cooper & Schindler† the basic dilemma and starting trying to develop other question by breaking down the original question is the right way to approach the research process†( Cooper & Schindler,2008). The management-research question hierarchy for Akron Children’s Hospital is that the hospital faces is how to raise the bed-occupancy rate and what can the hospital do to gain more business than its competitors. Another dilemma in Akron’s case the management is that Akron Children’s hospital distinguishing itself from many of their competitors. The research question for Akron Children’s hospital was about expending their service beyond Summit County to other different counties such as Cuyahoga County, Portage County, Mahoning County, and Medina County, which will increase the number of the patient and bring more profit. Some of the investigative questions for Akron Children’s hospital were as follow: How do children’s parent decides which hospital to take their children to, when their children need acute care? Is their decision driven simply by emotion? Is the financing a determine factor? Is the quality of service a factor on their decision? (Cooper & Schindler, 2008). During the research process Marcus Tomas LLC team had to observed physicians, parents, and child patients during testing, diagnosis, and treatment phases, they were also observing while kids were during checkups, admitted to the ER, undergoing surgery as well as prepping for surgery. They pay great detail to the interactions of patients and physicians, nurses and other staff members; they pay attention, physical and emotional reactions and heart-wrenching conversations (Copper, Schindler, 2008, cases, p. 2). The Advantages of it all is that researcher s can see a step- by-step first-hand the experiences between parents, children and hospital staff in the hospital. Furthermore, Researchers can immediately record their observances and findings. The recordings of audio or video were very good solid evidence therefore there weren’t not a lot of room for error in this method. Researchers made sure that all staff of the hospital was fully invested into the well-being of their child patients. The researchers were able to see how technology, highly energetic staff, highly knowledgeable staff and full compassion for the children work in collaboration. They saw a very strong desire by the entire hospital for the children recover and be the best they can possibly be once leaving the hospital. Some of the disadvantages are that researchers did not gain any knowledge of past experiences if all they do is watching the present. Researchers cannot really gain opinions by this method. Equipment and staffing can be extremely expensive. Some test subjects may act different or be more anxious if they know someone is watching and/or recording interactions. Conclusively Akron Children’s Hospital management and executives have come to conclusion and realized that the process of overcome the competitors surfing above competitor’s shadow, also generating an effective marketing plan will require an extensive qualitative research. They made a decision of hiring Marcus Thomas LLC. Overall the research was well executed because in the long run Akron Children’s Hospital was able to gain an increase on the number of patients admitted to the hospital, as the result of a better comprehension based on the patients’ parent point of view about their needs and their perspectives. References Cooper, R. D., & Schindler, S. P. (2008). Business Research Methods. (10th Edition) New York: McGray-Hill/Irwin. Cooper, R. D., & Schindler, S. P. (2008). Business Research Methods – Cases. (10th Edition) New York: McGray-Hill/Irwin. (N. D). (2010). Corporate info. Akronchildrens.org. Retrieved May 23, 2013 from: https://www.akronchildrens.org/cms/site/14908a4d74b348d5/index.html (N.D). (2010). Akron Children's Hospital, Ohio /overview. U.S.News & World. Retrieved May 23, 2013 from:http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/akron-children's-

Artificial Intelligence

One were to take a look around the room they are currently in, chances are there would be some form of artificial Intelligence present. From cell phones to computers – artificial Intelligence Is everywhere and even a way of life. The next generation of people may never know what life is without some form of intelligence embedded into their everyday schedule and routines. Perhaps the coffee pot that brews their caffeinated beverage every morning is programmed in such a way that they don't even have to touch it.Originally, however, it was programmed by a human. Robots may indeed be programmed intelligently, but robots can never replace humans. According to Kevin Money, It Is said that â€Å"Google and a lot of other companies believe robots today are like cell phones back when they were the size of bricks and cost $6,000. It may take 10 or 20 years, but before long everybody is going to have a robot – or several† (Money, 2013). Robots work alongside human beings to ensure accuracy, precision, and skill that human beings cannot perform on their own.Dan Lyons states that, â€Å"From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal carcasses In slaughter-houses, these ever- ore-Intelligent machines are now not Just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs. Automation isn't just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly paid human lawyers. Surely, robots are designed to assist humans, but can they really replace them? Author Michael Brooks writes about Hugh Lobber, a philanthropist from New York, whose goal Is to create total unemployment for all human beings throughout the world. â€Å"He wants robots to do all the work. And the first step towards that is to develop computers that seem human when you chat to them. It's n ot a new idea. Alan Turing is credited with the first explicit outline of what is now called the Turing test.A human judge sits down at a computer and has a typed conversation with an entity that responds to whatever the Judge types. If that entity is a computer, but the judge thinks It's a person, the conversational computer program passes the test (Brooks, 2013). † Human beings are highly flawed creatures and they often make mistakes. Robots, on the other hand, are computers – they execute a skill, time and mime again, without flaw, for the most part. That's why they are often used in medical settings, so that doctors can have the assistance of a robot to help execute a task.Dan Lyons states, â€Å"surgeons are using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operations–not because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover In less time and have fewer complications, says Dry. Miriam Cure. † However, this doesn't necessarily mean that robots are going to replace humans. â€Å"The surgery bots don't replace surgeons?you still need a surgeon to drive the robot† (Lyons, 2013). Unfortunately, computers are computers, and one day, they will crash. It may not happen right away, but eventually, there will be a glitch, a mistake, or an entire shutdown.Computers do not have a will or desire to complete a task, so they are only as good as they are programmed. In fact, there are many attributes that computers simply cannot intelligent as they may seem. It is inaccurate to think that a computer may genuinely mimic or replace a human, because they simply don't have mental skills. A robot may be programmed to respond to certain types of tones, words, or body language, but he beautiful thing about human beings is that they can come up with their own responses on their own – no matter what the stimulus may be.According to Greg Egan, it is healthier to communicate with a real human being rather than an artificially intelligent one. He states that, â€Å"The art of conversation, of listening attentively and weighing each response, is not a universal gift, any more than any other skill. Honing one's conversational skills with a computer–discovering your strengths and weaknesses while enjoying a chat with a character that is no less interesting for failing to exist–might well lead to better conversations with fellow unmans† (Egan, 2014).This is significant because human beings need this sort of interaction for mental health and stability. If one were connected to a robot, rather than a human, they would get a false sense of reality. Michael Brooks feels the same way about it. He says, â€Å"When we talk to each other, whether it's about last night's TV or the wisdom of a military strike on Syria, we are doing something far harder than sending a rocket to the moon. We did the moon-shot decades ago but we still can't make a machine that will hold a decent conversation† (Brooks, 2013). Human beings make mistakes. It is simply a part of human nature.If a human was around a robot that didn't make mistakes, or wasn't â€Å"human† enough, then the person would become uncomfortable. According to The Economist, â€Å"To keep human workers at ease, collaborative robots should also have an appropriate size and appearance. Collaborative, humanoid robots should generally be no larger than a six-year-old, a size most adults reckon they could overpower if necessary. Large eyes make robots seem friendlier and, crucially, more aware of their surroundings. † This goes to show the relationships that humans have with each other: the bigger and stronger a arson seems to be, the more intimidating they become.There is a trust issue that takes place within the need for big eyes to seem friendlier and the need to be aware of current surroundings. Isn't one of the greatest parts of being human the ability to judg e character and decide, individually, who is frightening and untrustworthy and who is not? The article also adds, â€Å"But overly humanoid features can lead to problematically unrealistic expectations. † So, if the robot were to randomly burst into flames, then the human would no longer trust it. Alas, assuming the robot could be rusted in the first place would lead to unrealistic expectations – expectations that are not human enough to exceed.Robots are unique because they are programmed. Humans are unique because they are not – meaning they are able to think for themselves and make mistakes. The Economist states that it is important to give robots â€Å"A defining human trait–the ability to make mistakes. Amah Salem programmed a humanoid Asimov robot, made by Honda, to make occasional harmless mistakes such as pointing to one drawer while talking about another. When it comes to household robots, test subjects prefer those that err over infallible ones , Dry Salem says. This is significant to see that humans prefer robots to be more human-like by making mistakes because it makes the person more comfortable. It is almost laughable, because a human is such prone to error, so the robot might as well be, they would prefer a robot to make a mistake would mean that they are searching for that connection – a connection that would sound something like, â€Å"we are only human† and they shrug it off and feel comforted again. Although robots are indeed artificially intelligent and have many technological capabilities, they still can never be exactly eke humans or completely replace humans.They may be able to help doctors and surgeons, factory workers, and make life a little easier in the everyday world, but they simply cannot mimic humans. Therefore, the idea of connecting with a robot should be thrown out the window, along with the idea of making a robot make mistakes on purpose for the comfort of the nearest human being. Wha t the nearest human being needs is to connect with the next human being and have a reassuring conversation that they will not lose their Job to a robot – unless they fail to program their robot ropey. Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence Is defined as the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. Artificial intelligence has come a long way as our culture has developed.Many people believe that artificial intelligence is in a sense giving these computers sentience or making them alive. What most people don't agree on is that Artificial Intelligence Is hat delightfulness Ass's from humans if they can think critically about situations and form their own opinions. In the movie â€Å"The Final Moments of Karl Brand† we are shown the basic sense of how humans feel about sentient AH systems.Karl Brand a top researcher for a new experimental AH system downloads his memories into a device. Later after he is murdered his friend pulls up the memories he had â€Å"uploaded† and they create a sentient AH version of himself. Most peo ple are greatly disturbed by the fact that AH could possibly become In a sense living and have a unconsciousness, In this movie the cop is deeply disturbed and rushes to pull the plug on the sediment being.This is how most people commonly react to change and constantly improving technology. Everyday Hollywood releases movies like terminator, and Robotic where artificial intelligences go haywire and takeover all of humanity. However, Most artificial intelligences are actually very intelligent and almost have a human like reasoning and logic. It is because of this sense of â€Å"sentience† that most people feel uncomfortable about robots and the growing technological age. Artificial Intelligence Brian Aldiss’ â€Å"Supertoys Last All Summer Long† is an interesting story which was adapted to film by Steven Spielberg in the movie â€Å"AI – Artificial Intelligence. Reading the story initially one would notice that the story ends with a hanging ending. There seems to be no closure in the story except that the audience is left wondering what happens to David since the couple, Monica and Henry, already acquired the license to conceive a real human child. The story is extremely short and would be impossible to adapt to film if not for the additions that have been made in its movie form.However, the short story itself forms the basis for the entire film save for it’s being extended to feature length. The narrative additions in the film were not added just so the basis, which is the short story, would become feature length, instead these additions serve three basic things – they appropriately conduct the story to a logical and closed-ended conclus ion, they serve to explain certain things that have not been explained in the short story because of its length, and they give the story material a more visual feel instead of the almost vignetted presentation in the literary piece.The narrative additions in the film expand the sphere of explanation for the story; something that was not done in the short story version. Noticeably, in the short story, Aldiss focused on the singular scene of the depressing interaction between Monica, David, and the super toy, Teddy. These interactions are limited to the revelations of how David reacts to the obvious disregard of Monica for him. David wonders why he cannot be loved as much by Monica whom he considers to be his mother.While the short story does not explore this fully, the film makes slight modifications by presenting Monica and Henry as a couple who had a child in suspended cryogenic animation. So, with that addition in the film, Monica is given a reason for her depression and her obvio us distance and indifference for the robot kid, David. In addition to this, the re-introduction of Monica’s real child who emerges from suspended animation serves to add another layer of conflict to the story which was surprisingly linear and less complicated in the short story version.Aside from these critical pieces of the story that were expanded and well explained in the film version, the movie also drew from the robot background of the story and created an entire world where humans interact with robots in the film. The only reference to this in the story is the serving-man which David presented to an audience as a new innovation in robotics as well as David who is the young robot boy.Of course it is assumed that with the existence of these two robots in the short story, the setting for the story becomes the future, but the film explores this further by portraying many other forms of robots to establish the idea that in the world where the story occurs, robots are made fo r various and different purposes. So, judging by how the material was expanded as more detailed narratives in the film, such narratives were not superfluous in the sense that these narrative elements had added more details to the story and made it more tangible as opposed to the fleeting and almost fickle clues that were given in the short story version.Another obvious development in the film that explains why the narratives were purposely introduced is the fact that the additions such as the adventure of David in the absence of Monica and Henry made the story more visual. In effect, the short story was merely used as a jump off platform for the movie, hence the phrase ‘based on the story’. This is expected in most film versions because most of the time, short stories create imaginary worlds in the reader’s mind that are far from tangible.So, while most of the narrative elements introduced in the film are no longer found in the short story, all of these elements can be derived from certain features of the short story itself. This is done to give the film a more material existence. Of course film is a different media an in this type of media, the story is told by visual cues and portrayals as opposed to how a story is told in literature which is mostly through mental images or what is known as imagery resulting from the expert arrangement and presentation of words.So, the addition of the narratives is in fact purposeful and intentional, the intention being to give the audience a more effective portrayal of what was initially only perceived through the imagination. The narratives give flesh to the imaginary world that was presented in the short story version allowing the film version to tell the story itself as well as allow audiences a privileged perspective into the world where the short story takes place in. The most important feature that the narratives gave to the film is the existence of a more satisfying and close-ended conclusion to t he story.It will be recalled that in the short story version the story merely ends with the couple ecstatic at knowing that they were now allowed to conceive a real child. While it is implied in the short story version that the couple had planned on disposing David because of this development when Monica says that David was malfunctioning; (Aldiss) in the film version, David pursues his dream of becoming a real boy and in the end, is reunited with his mother, Monica.While the ‘becoming a real boy’ part does not come true for David, he is given the opportunity to live life as a real boy in the end. The ending of the film is more satisfying for the audience compared to the ending in the short story because while there have been many narrative elements added to the film, these narrative elements worked together to effectively conclude the film version. Without the narrative elements the ending would have been strange and totally illogical.This, perhaps, is the most importa nt role that the narrative elements played in the film in relation to the short story version. So, while some might say that the addition of these elements totally destroyed the original story as told in the short story version, the narratives actually serves to expand the story enough for an appropriate ending or conclusion to be made. Had the narratives been absent from the film version, with the same ending that was used, the audience would have been left with nothing to base the ending on.The short story ended with an open ended conclusion in that the readers are left to assume what happens next, none of this occurs in the film largely because of the narratives which effectively told the story from start to finish and gave the ending sturdy foundations in the body of the film itself. So, the narrative elements in the film are not there merely to extend the short story into a feature version because like literature, any addition to a piece is always intentional.The purpose of add ing the narrative features into the film was to allow a more expanded perspective on the material as well as give the story a more visual appeal which is what is intended; but of course, the most important purpose of the narratives was to allow the story to end successfully. It is impossible to compare a short story to a movie when the movie openly admits that it is only based on the short story.In cases where such is in effect, where the movie is merely based on existing literary material, the literary piece may just be a minute portion of the film as a whole. In the case of Aldiss and the movie â€Å"AI† the director of the movie succeeded in his intentions of adding narrative features to the existing material which is the short story while at the same time preserving the integrity of the basis for the film.In many cases, the base material is lost in the telling of the story through film, but in this case both the director as well as the screenplay writer succeeded in prese rving the basic material while offering a film that was both entertaining and water-tight, story-wise. ? Works Cited Aldiss, Brian. â€Å"Super-Toys Last All Summer Long. † N. p. , 2007. Web. 12 July 2010. . Artificial Intelligence Technology keeps on getting better and better time to time. According to the Kondratieff Cycle, the technology changes states in around 50 years and in the early years of this 50 year cycle it builds upon only losses and only in the last ten years it brigs true returns which are actually the costs of adapting the technology being nullified.Artificial Intelligence is the premium technology being practiced today as it has the ability to mimic human behavior. The fact that AI systems can learn make them more viable for race to gain edge over your rivals, therefore firms are readily adapting such systems as they tend to boost performance of the firms.AI, not only helps the firms, but also helps individuals (employees) in understanding the cases and directing strategies efficiently. It also reduces the work load for many employees but at a tactical or top level.AI is more like a nightmare for operational level employees as it tends to destroy the chain to speed up operations. For instance , an efficient AI planted into a manufacturing firm can eliminate the need for manpower in assembling departments.At present, the commercial world is hungry for technology that would ease operations and decision making to the maximum level as the long run costs of maintaining these systems are extremely low as compared to employee management programs.This means that professional jobs are at stake. Further, such systems do not have an aging problem so knowledge can be contained easily. The point still argued is can we rely on machines that work on binary codes i.e. Yes or No options only?Computers can think but can not think rationally as humans may do, computers may be able to comprehend faster but still they can not act intuitively as humans do. References1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jan Goldberg, Mark Rowh, (2003), â€Å"Great Jobs for Computer Science Majors†Edition: 2, McGraw-Hill Professional2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alan Kernoff, Tom Schwartz Associates, (1986), â€Å"Who's who in Artificial Intelligence: The AI Guide to People, Products, Companies, Resources, Schools and Jobs†, WWAI,3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Samir Dasgupta, Ray Kiely, (2006), â€Å"Globalization and After†,Sage Publications, Artificial Intelligence The movie Artificial Intelligence: A.I. is written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and stars Haley Joel Osment (â€Å"David†) and Jude Law (â€Å"Gigolo Joe†).   The movie is set in the future in a civilization that has taken drastic steps to ensure the survival and prosperity of society by limiting human population.Wealthy nations stay afloat by limiting the number of childbirths allowed per married couple.   In fact couples who exceed the minimum legal standard for number of children were penalized by law.   Human beings also co-exist with androids, called â€Å"mechas† who perform various functions for their human owners, such as gardeners, nannies, laborers, and, in Joe’s case, gigolos.Traditionally, the androids built by humans were not programmed to feel any emotions.   They were programmed merely to assist in the day-to-day lives of human beings.   This all changes when a company called Cybertonics creates a boy mecha called David, who i s built not only with artificial intelligence, but with emotional intelligence (or EQ) as well.In other words, David can love, looks for love, and responds to love from a human being.   As such, David is an experimental model, since no other mecha had been built quite like him, and Cybertronics selected one of their employees, Henry Swinton (played by Sam Robards) from a list of candidates of possible parents-to-be to take in David and to treat him as his own son.Henry decides to take David home under the advisement of the doctor who was worried about the health of Henry’s wife Monica (played by Frances O’Connor).Their own son, Martin (played by Jake Thomas) was seriously ill and was in suspended animation for a long time.   The doctors did not see the possibility of him recovering.The doctor told Henry that instead of worrying about his son, he should start worrying about the emotional wellness of his wife.   In order to do that, Henry thought that he should fil l the void left by the â€Å"loss† of their son by taking home David to take Martin’s place.At first, Monica (played by Frances O’Connor) is appalled at the idea.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The very thought of taking home an android to take Martin’s place angers Monica in the beginning. Henry then appeases her by telling her that he will take David back.He then informs Monica that there is a code consisting of 7 random words that, if spoken, will enable a mechanism in David to start acting and feeling like a real boy.   He warns her that if that code is enabled, David can no longer be returned.   He will have to be destroyed in the factory because if activated, the android would recognize no other mother and would be worthless.She is initially afraid of David, and tries to ignore him, but her maternal instincts take over, and soon, she warms up to David and starts treating him as her son.One morning Monica decides to activate the code embedded inside David, and he h imself starts to respond to Monica in the way a human child responds to his or her parent.   David does everything he can to please Monica, and she responds with warmth and love.   At the Swintons, David also makes friend with Teddy, a mecha teddy bear who speaks and has taken it upon himself to keep an eye out for David.Unfortunately, David’s happy stay at the Swintons, where he is treated as a real live boy and a son, does not last for long.   Martin, the Swintons’ real son, recovers miraculously from his illness and is sent home to his parents.   Upon his arrival, Martin becomes jealous over the attention and love his mother bestows on David.He starts thinking of ways to get David into trouble, to make his mother Monica love David less, and to give him, Martin, her full love and attention.

Explain how far the New York Courts have extended the case Brady v Research Paper

Explain how far the New York Courts have extended the case Brady v. Maryland and its requirement for a prosecutor to turn over exculpatory evidence to the defense - Research Paper Example The prosecution allowed this but hid the statement in which the companion admits to the actual killing. The petitioner did not notice that statement was missing until after his sentence. After the denial to receive evidence by the prosecution issues of oppression rose that the prosecutor denied the petitioner right to the due process of law. The Maryland court of appeal remanded the case requesting for a new trial, a new trial however was only for the question of punishment This case involved both Brady and Boblit; both found guilty of first-degree murder. In the trials the petitioner( Brady), when the prosecution denied him the evidence in which Boblit admitted to the actual killing he appealed to the Maryland court of appeal which requested foe the new trial. The basis for this trial was the question of punishment, the question of punishment in Brady and Boblits case was a murder committed in an incidence of robbery. The punishment to the crime of murder in Maryland was death or life imprisonment This case brought rise to the Bradys rule, which represents a limited departure from the existing pure adversary model. This is due to the fact that the prosecutor role transcends to that of the adversary. During the litigation of the Bradys crime, that defense should always examine whether the prosecution team acts consistently with the aim to assist the defense in that making of the case or whether it is acting strategically. The Brady versus Maryland case brought about some of the rules used in different courts in New York; this rules resulted from the failure of the prosecutor to provide the information needed by the defendant. In this case as per the fourteenth amendment, due process states that the turnover all the information is a major requirement. The amendments due process states that the suppression of evidence by the prosecution upon request by the defendant, evidence

Aboriginal people and the Canadian justice system Essay

Aboriginal people and the Canadian justice system - Essay Example Section 35 of the constitution of Canada defines aborigines as 'aboriginal people in Canada include the Indian, Inuit, and metis people of Canada And further sect 35 sub sec 4 states 'notwithstanding any other provision of this act, the aboriginal and treaty rights referred to in sub section 1 are guaranteed equally to male and female.The Federal government of Canada and the provincial government are committed to the principle that, before amendment to class 24 of section 91 of the constitution act 1867 to section 25 of this act or to this part.The Ottawa project for restoration and sentencing is said to be the pilot project .it is said also to one of the several justice projects across Canada that have garnered support of the department of justice.The numerous studies, reports and justice inquires across Canada, and growing body of statistical information, confirmed that aboriginal people experience disproportionately high rates of crime and victimization are over represented in the court and the correctional system, and further, feel a deep alienation from justice system that is to them foreign and inaccessible and reflects both human and fiscal terms are seen to be exhorbitant, but also spiraling.Through persistent dialogue with various levels of government, aboriginal communities across Canada have gradually begun to explore the possibility of administering various components of the criminal justice system. Various difficulties confronting Aboriginal people within the Canadian judicial system have been addressed over the past twenty years but, unfortunately, many problems still exist. High levels of Aboriginal incarceration, one of the most serious problems, are aggravated by inadequate government funding and limited rehabilitation options and resources, and the overall justice system still does not address the cultural needs of Aboriginal peoples. JURISDICTIONAL REACH OF THE INTIATIVES Besides the fact that the restorative and sentencing community projects is a national wide issue which has been deeply entrenched in the constitution via the constitution act 1867,provincial governments have been given the a larger part to play in initiating projects within their provincial jurisdiction to address the issue. Overall, the Program helps Aboriginal people who are in conflict with the criminal justice system to obtain fair, just, equitable, and culturally sensitive treatment. Specifically, the Aboriginal Court work Program seeks to: 1. In the event of as aborigine being accused of a criminal offence and eventually put in custody, the project has devised a way of organizing for bail terms, which in most cases are denied to them. assist Aboriginal people to understand their right to speak on their own behalf or to request legal counsel, to better understand the nature of the charges against them and the philosophy and functioning of the criminal justice system. 2. Also the project is assisting in ensuring that the time spent in pre-trial detention by aboriginal people is reduced. 3. Afford them legal representation in court. 4. Disproportinate level of aboriginal incarceration -the Canadian criminal justice system is rooted in a strong reliance on incarceration and as a result, Canada is placed among the highest users of imprisonment in the world .the emphasis an incarceration as punishment had a detrimental effect on offenders, particularly aboriginal offenders on whom confinement places particularly onerous pressures, given the traditional relationship with the land

Educational Investigation (a primary school situated in the diverse Essay

Educational Investigation (a primary school situated in the diverse and central part of Hackney) - Essay Example It is a primary school so the students enter in the early years and then study till year 6. There are staff members who nurture and teach the students in a friendly and cooperative manner keeping a healthy and positive atmosphere in the school. The aim of the school is to enable children to become happy, confident, and creative learners and citizens who respect the diversity of the community and develop a friendly and understanding personality towards others. This is one of the most important aspects of an educational institution in a multicultural society that the students are taught the value and importance of a diversified culture (May, 2005, p. 42). It is serving as one of those educational institutions in Britain that meet the needs of the diversified society and welcomes all types of students. A school curriculum is the set of planned activities and objectives that the school prepares at the beginning of every academic year to ensure that the teachers, parents, and students know their progress and their anticipated learning outcomes (White, 2004, p. 16). This school has designed the curriculum which supports the progress and attainment of the student’s speaking and listening skills, reading and writing skills, mathematics skills, and develops a rich model which encompasses science, arts, computers, humanities, physical exercise, wellbeing, and citizenship.

Depression in the Elderly in a Giatric Hospital Research Paper

Depression in the Elderly in a Giatric Hospital - Research Paper Example A condition for inclusion in the sample was that the patient must have stayed in the hospital for a period of not less 3 months. This was informed by the reason that anxiety/depression is directly proportional to amount of time one spends away from their accustomed residence. Other criteria for inclusion included no psychological diseases, Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score of 18, and participants’ informed consent of the study. The choice of sample from four different health facilities is laudable as it improves the randomness of the data used and thus limits un-representativeness of the findings. Administration of questionnaires formed the primary method of data collection. All participants were required to fill in their questionnaires with the best possible answers. Those who had difficulties providing responses were assisted by research assistants, who read out the questions to the patients and basing on the responses, filled in the questionnaires. All but 5 of the 200 administered questions were returned with completed responses. While questionnaires are effective tools for data collection, they may not be as effective among the elderly as compared to the other age groups. This is because a significant number of the elderly in these facilities suffer from abnormal conditions such as dementia which may compromise their responses. As such, the researcher should have focussed on either interview or observation. The research used descriptive research design. Such a design is the best technique for gathering information that would show relationships and define why the world exists as it is. In this research, Jee and Lee were certainly concerned with the cases of depression among the elderly. The choice to send the elderly people in rehabilitation facilities is often dreaded by many people who are aging. The fact on the ground is that such a shift in

Accounting Theory and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accounting Theory and Practice - Essay Example e paper focuses on the difficulties and huddles facing the harmonization of accounting standards and practices and provides a possible solution to the problems it is facing. The paper also discusses the various economical issues that deal with intangible assets in an organization. It states the ways in which intangible assets are valued and how they positively and negatively affect the financial statement and status of the organization. The paper further discusses the implementation of the code of corporate governance by using Omantel Company as a case study. It also evaluates how the company has implemented a code of corporate governance. The harmonization of the standards and practices of accounts all over the world is the process of bringing together concepts of accounting to a common position. In the world, every country and organization has its own practices and standards of accounting. The harmonization of accounting standards all over the world has been a major concern especially among professionals in accounting. This process involves the convergence of different international accounting standards with the aim of coming up with a similar financial statement all over the world. The harmonization of accounting standards has been a major concern among countries that are involved in trading activities with countries with different accounting standards. Because of the difficulties that come along with varying accounting standards, professionals see the need of harmonizing the accounting standards so as to make trading processes easier Ashley, Leatherbury, Machuca and Philips, 2012). If the accounting standards in the world are converged together, the economy of the world will be in a good position in several ways. The coming up with financial statements would be much easier because only a common standard would be used in making the report. As for now, coming up with one financial report statement is difficult because of the use of different accounting

Women Discrimination in Business World Research Proposal

Women Discrimination in Business World - Research Proposal Example According to the sex and power report submitted by the UK Equality and Human rights commission in 2008, women hold only 11 positions in the FTSE directorships. The study revealed that even though anti discrimination legislations have been constituted to help women and it had been implemented long ago, still the position of the women has undergone only little improvement as they are not represented in many of the occupations especially in senior positions (Broughton and Miller, 2009). Very recently BBC news has reported that women discrimination is wide spread in Europe (Viewpoint: A fair deal for women, 2009). It was also revealed that the chances of a woman to get a job in Europe is only 47% because of discrimination against women (Discrimination in the European Union, 2009) Business world is the area where women discrimination is prevalent even today (Peiss,1998). This could be understood from the fact that only a very few number of women are running their own business. When it comes to the senior management only very few women are there in the scenario. This is true through out the world irrespective of the level of development. In USA and in most of the countries in Europe although there are many organizations that draw attention at a global level, only very few have a female in the board level position (Brougton and miller, 2009). Many reasons are attributed to this like women are reluctant to take up such positions, people at the senior management level as well as public have negative opinion on women coming to such high positions, etc. But there might be several reasons behind these main reasons. So there is a great need to understand the full range of reasons, which discourage women to take up promotions to the board level positions to find out s olutions to this problem. In fact one of the key objectives of executive coaching is to encourage women to take up these positions. The reasons why they are not preferred by their employers when it comes to the senior management positions also has to be clearly understood so as to take appropriate measures to encourage these employers to give opportunities for women at least to prove themselves. For this, such studies are highly essential to develop strategies that could help women to achieve progress in their career. So the present study is intended to find reasons for less representation of females in the business world of Europe especially at the senior positions. Review of literature 5.1. Effect of discrimination in Child hood According to Wolfe (2009) stereotyping from the childhood onwards results in women becoming less confident to enter into the business world. From the childhood

Endangered African Wildlife Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Endangered African Wildlife - Research Paper Example There are so many factors that are causing wildlife extinction in the African continent. Rapid human population growth, unsustainable use of wildlife resources, lack of local support for conservation policies, inadequate government funds allocation for enforcement policies against illegal activities, commercialization, and so on are few of the reasons that are endangering African wildlife. So, the central issue of endangerment of wildlife species in the African environment and its causal factors is discussed. Furthermore, the impacts of habitat loss, over-exploitation, and poaching of the endangered species along with its conservation measures are also analyzed. Africa is a continent rich in biodiversity because it harbors thousands of species of flora and fauna. â€Å"Africa is home to some one quarter of the world’s 4,700 mammal species, including 79 species of antelope. It also has more than 2,000 species of birds – one fifth of the world’s total – and at least 2,000 species of fish, alongside 950 amphibian species†.1 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has over 2 million km of protected eco-regions mainly for their biodiversity values. These eco-regions include the Savannah habitats, Ethiopian montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, the succulent Karoo and Bioko area. According to the Red List categorization of IUCN, some of the endangered species of Africa include the Giant Golden Mole, white-tailed Rat, Riverine Rabbit, African Wild Dog, and Mountain Zebra. Threats of wildlife species extinction continue to increase, despite global measures to reduce the impact of the external pressures. It is estimated that among â€Å"the 44,838 species included in the 2008 IUCN Red List database, about 17,000 (38%) are threatened with extinction†.2 Killing and exploitation of these wildlife species and importantly habitat loss are the major reasons for the increase in endangered species count. The

Animism and Personification Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Animism and Personification - Term Paper Example These religions are given the term primal because of the animistic belief embodied in it (Super and Turley, p.18). Primal religions have a strong belief in animism and personification. Primal religions believe in the connection of all existence, whether it be humans, animals or even nature. In fact, nature is on the focal points of primal religion. Each being, each place, each object was reasoned to have a spirit, which is called anima. In such a manner, everything has a purpose, a reason for its existence. This is closely related to how people have lived centuries ago, in the time where hunting and gathering were the primary means of living. In primal religions, the distinction between good and bad is associated with misfortune and fortune. Long ago, people do not have the technology and knowledge that we have today that can explain illness, death and suffering. Although primal religions believe in a greater or supreme being, it also brings forth the belief in entities, deities and spirits that dwell among people and nature who can and may interfere with people’s lives when they desire to or when they are disturbed. With limited knowledge and the belief in animism and personification, the people do not have an explanation to the misfortunes they are experiencing except to use their primal religion as a way to understand their lives. With this, primal religion do not relate good and bad to natural or unnatural rather they relate good and bad to how they view their relation with the spirits and deities around them through their relation with other people and with nature. Nature has a very big impact in the way people lived. By taking care of their environment and essentially nature, people believed that they will be blessed by being given back plants, trees, fruits, crops and animals that will serve as their food, shelter and clothing. Good and bad became a distinction between taking care of the things around them versus destroying their environment. When something bad happens, such as a plague, people generally believe that they are being punished because they disturbed the balance or they believe that there was something they have done that offended the spirits, deities and other beings. With this, they try to turn things around through offerings and sacrifices, which are quite different from how we do it today. Another perspective of good and bad in the primal religion is the distinction between suffering and good fortune. When a person experiences suffering, it is related to something bad or evil. And when people, with this limited knowledge, no modern technology and with a belief in animism, look for a reason behind this suffering, they associate it with something bad or evil, which is related to the idea of the unknown. Anything that is unknown to them that causes misfortune, suffering or death is equated to bad or evil. But not all unknown is related to evil and not all known is related to good. The relation is based on their experience. For example, when there is an eclipse and something bad happens to them, like crops dying, they automatically associate this with something evil. When there is a shooting star, or in our knowledge now a meteor shower, and something good happens after it like animals migrating to their area, they automatically think that the meteor showers are something good. This association comes from the primal belief that all things are interrelated or intertwined. And this is because of the communitarian way the people of those ages lived (Sharma, p.4). The primal belief has another important characteristic, and that is the belief that people, animals and other things are held together by an ultimate nature and

Principles of accounts Essay Example for Free

Principles of accounts Essay I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the persons who have been helpful towards the successful completion of this assignment. First and foremost I would like to thank Shadae Russell, Shakeyra Millington, Jonathon Butler and Ovasha Bartley for their support and assistance towards carrying out the research to complete this assignment. Secondly I want to thank my guardians for providing me with the suitable materials to finalize this assignment. I would also like to thank Mrs. K. Elliot for her assistance and guidance in completing this project. Last but certainly not least I would like to thank God for his extended mercies unto me. Introduction This assignment is about a business that started approximately three (3) years ago which is situated in a busy area that allows it to generate large amounts of money each day to carry out its operations. This assignment contains all the information about this Blanna’s Fashion Boutique business. The information which this assignment contains includes the financial records for the period ending September 30 2011. This assignment serves to keep track of all the money that goes inside the business bank account, all the cash which the business uses within visiting the business bank account, all the money that goes outside of the business bank account, all the money that came into the business by cash and not with the use of cheques and the purposes for each transaction. Therefore this assignment provides a clear understand of all the operations the business under goes on a day to day basis. Table of Contents Headings Page # Cover Page I Title PageII AcknowledgementIII Introduction IV Aim of the Project1 Description of Business Entity 2 Mission Statement 3 Logo and Slogan 4 Accounting Cycle 5 Accounting Information Journals 6-7 Cash Book 8 Ledgers 9-13 Trial Balance 14 Stock Valuation 15-19 Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation A/c 20-21 Balance Sheet 22 Bank Reconciliation Statement 23 Accounting Ratios 24-25 Performance of the Business 26 Comparisons 27 Recommendations and Suggestions 28 Conclusion 29 Appendix Price list (showing mark up %) 30 Diagrams Charts and Graphs Pictures Invoices, Cheques, Receipts etc References Aim of the Project The aim of this project is: To arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the financial sector of businesses. To highlight the strength and the weaknesses of the Blanna’s Fashion Boutique business. To present the financial records for the year ended September 30, 2011 for Blanna’s Fashion Boutique business. Description of Business Entity Blanna’s Fashion Boutique is a partnership. This business is owned and operated by Anna Kay Blake, Shadae Russell and Ovasha Bartley a Group of ambitious young ladies. Our main aim is to make a profit while catering for the needs of the community which it is situated in. Blanna’s Fashion Boutique is situated in Montego Bay at the Blue diamond plaza 10 Pearl Street. This business has been in existence since June 20, 2008. We employ approximately fifteen (15) workers. We cater for the petite to the full figured women. We produce a wide variety of slippers, pants, skirts, handbags and accessories. Prices are always lower than that of our competitors. In cases of fashion emergencies you can call us at (1876) 3553980/4275646 or email us at Blanna’[emailprotected] com. The mission of Blanna’s Fashion Boutique is to: Provide the latest fashion for all females Provide goods and services at a reasonable cost Ensure that the quality of our goods meets the standards of our business. Ensure that whatever the business do doesn’t affect the environment negatively. Provide employment for members of the community Provide sponsors to underprivileged children Logo and Slogan Logo Slogan With passion we send out the latest fashion Accounting Cycle General Journal Date Details Folio Debit Credit September 1 Bank CB01 364000 Cash CB01 27160 Debtor (J. Simpson) SL01 31600 Motor Van GL02 62840 Building GL03 100000 Stock 24960 Creditor (Super Supreme) PL01 10560 Capital GL01 600000 Opening entries 610560 610560 Purchase journalPage 01 Date Details Folio Amount 1-Sep Super Supreme International PL01 237,040 27-Sep Super Supreme International PL01 57,960 Sep 30 Total credit purchases to be transferred to the purchases account in the general ledger GL02 295,000 SALES JOURNAL Date Details Folio Amount 5-Sep J. Simpson SL01 57000 13-Sep B. Banton SL03 78,550 20-Sep N. Kidman SL02 104,400 Sep 30 Total credit sales to be transferred to the sales account in the general ledger GL13 239,950 RETURN OUTWARDS JOURNAL Date Details Folio Amount 9-Sep Super Supreme International PL01 13,600 Sep 30 Total return outwards to be transferred to the return outwards account in the general ledger GL16 13,600 Return Inwards Day Book Date Details Folio Amount 24-Sep B. Banton SL03 16,800 30-Sep N. Kidman SL02 9,600 Sep 30 Total goods returned to us to be transferred to the return inwards account in the general ledger GL15 26,400 Cash Book Date Details Folio Discount Allowed Cash Bank Date Details Folio Discount Received Cash Bank September 1 Balance b/d GJ01 27,160 364,000 September 1 Machinery GL3 48,000 September 2 Bank C 50,000 2 Cash C 50,000 3 Sales GL13 59,350 3 Rent GL4 30,000 7 Sales GL13 37,750 6 Fixtures GL5 65,000 18 J. Simpson SJ01 12,000 45,000 8 Wages GL12 10,000 29 B. Banton SJ03 6,175 55,575 11 Insurance GL6 6,100 30 Sales GL13 120,540 11 Electricity GL7 3,300 11 Rates GL8 2,600 15 Super Supreme International PL01 7,500 142,500 15 Wages GL12 10,000 16 Drawings GL10 6,200 19 Furniture GL11 3,600 22 Wages GL12 10,000 29 Wages GL12 10,000 30 Balance c/d 123,075 239,000 18,175 350,375 409,000 7,500 350,375 409,000 General Ledger Date Details Folio Amount Date Details Folio Amount Capital A/C Page 01 September 31 Balance c/d 600,000 September 1 Balance b/d GJ01 600,000 October 1 Balance b/d 600,000 Motor Van A/C Page 02 September 1 Balance b/d GJ12 62,840 September 30 Balance c/d 62,840 October 1 Balance b/d 62,840 Buildings A/C Page 03 September 1 Balance b/d GJ01 100,000 September 30 Balance c/d 100,000 October 1 Balance b/d 100,000 Machinery A/C September 1 Bank CB01 48,000 September 31 Balance c/d 48,000 October 1 Balance b/d 48,000 Rent A/C September 3 Bank CB01 30,000 September 30 Profit Loss 30,000 Fixtures A/C September 6 Cash CB01 65,000 September 31 Balance c/d 65,000 October 1 Bal b/d 65,000 Insurance A/C September 11 Bank CB01 6,100 September 30 Profit Loss 6,100 Electricity A/C September 11 Bank CB01 3,300 September 30 Profit Loss 5,500 30 Accruals c/d 1,200 5,500 5,500 October 1 Accruals b/d 1200 Rates September 11 Bank CB01 2,600 September 30 Profit Loss 2,600 Drawings September 16 Cash CB01 6,200 September 30 Balance c/d 6,200 September 30 Balance b/d 6,200 Furniture September 19 Cash CB01 3,600 September 30 Balance c/d 3,600 October 1 Balance b/d 3,600 Wages September 8 Bank C01 10,000 September 31 Profit Loss 40,000 15 Cash C01 10,000 22 Bank C01 10,000 29 Bank C01 10,000 40,000 40,000 Sales September 30 Trading Account 457,590 September 3 Cash CB01 59,350 September 7 Cash CB01 37,750 September 30 Cash CB01 120,540 September 30 Total Credit Sales SJ01 239,950 457,590 457,590 Purchases September 31 Total Credit Purchases PJ01 295,000 September 31 Trading Account 295,000 Return Inwards September 31 Total for month RI01 26,400 September 31 Trading Account 26,400 Return Outwards September 31 Trading Account RO01 13,600 September 31 Total for month 13,600 Discount Allowed September 30 Total Discount Given to customers 18,175 September 30 P L 18,175 Discount Received September 30 P L 7,500 September 11 Super Supreme International 7,500 Purchases Ledger Super Supreme International September 9 Return Outwards RO01 13,600 September 1 Balance b/d GJ01 10,560 15 Bank CB01 142,500 1 Purchases PJ01 237,040 15 Discount Received CB01 7,500 27 Purchases PJ01 57,960 30 Balance c/d 141,960 305,560 305,560 October 1 Balance b/d 141,960 Sales Ledger J. Simpson September 1 Balance b/d 31,600 September 18 Discount Allowed CB01 12,000 September 5 Sales SJ01 57,000 September 18 Bank CB01 45000 September 30 Balance c/d 31,600 88,600 88,600 October 1 Balance b/d 31,600 N. Kidman September 20 Sales SJ01 104,400 September 30 Return Inwards RI01 9,600 September 30 Balance c/d 94,800 104,400 104,400 October 1 Balance b/d 94,800 B. Banton September 13 Sales SJ01 78,550 September 24 Return Inwards RI01 16,800 September 29 Discount Allowed CB01 6,175 29 Cash CB01 55,575 78,550 78,550 Trial Balance Blanna’s Fashion Boutique Trial Balance as at September 30, 2011 Details Debit $ Credit $ Capital 600,000 Motor Van Buildings 100,000 Machinery 48,000 Stock 24,960 Rent 30,000 Fixtures 65,000 Sales 457,590 Purchases 295,000 Cash 123,075 Bank 239,000 Wages 40,000 Return Outwards 13,600 Super Supreme International 141,960 Electricity 3,300 Insurance 6,100 Rates 2,600 Furniture 3,600 Drawings 6,200 Return Inwards 26,400 N. Kidman 94,800 J. Simpson 31,600 Discount Received 7,500 Discount Allowed 18,175 1,220,650 1,220,650 Stock Valuation (A) Pants Date Received Issued Balance Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount 1-Sep 12 900 10,800 1-Sep 96 1,000 96,000 12 96 900 1,000 10,800 96,000 3-Sep 12 12 900 1,000 10,800 12,000 84 1,000 84,000 5-Sep 12 1,000 12,000 72 1,000 72,000 13-Sep 24 1,000 24,000 48 1,000 48,000 20-Sep 24 1,000 24,000 24 1,000 24,000 27-Sep 36 1,100 39,600 24 36 1,000 1,100 24,000 39,600 30-Sep 24 12 1,000 1,100 24,000 13,200 24 1,100 26,400 (B) Blouse Date Received Issued Balance Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount 1-Sep 12 400 4,800 1-Sep 96 440 42,240 12 96 400 440 4,800 42,240 5-Sep 12 12 400 440 4,800 5,280 84 440 36,960 13-Sep 24 440 10,560 60 440 26,400 20-Sep 36 440 15,840 24 440 10,560 30-Sep 12 440 5,280 12 440 5,280 (C ) Handbag Date Received Issued Balance Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount 1-Sep 4 1,600 6400 4 1,600 6,400 3-Sep 1 1,600 1,600 3 1,600 4,800 7-Sep 1 1,600 1,600 2 1,600 3,200 13-Sep 1 1,600 1,600 1 1,600 1,600 27-Sep 4 1,650 6,600 1 4 1,600 1,650 1,600 6,600 30-Sep 1 3 1,600 1,650 1,600 4,950 1 1,650 1,650 (D ) Skirts Date Received Issued Balance Quantity Unit Cost Amount Quantity Unit Cost Amount Quantity Unit Cost Amount 1-Sep 12 780 9,360 1-Sep 60 820 49,200 12 60 780 820 9,360 49,200 3-Sep 12 780 9,360 60 820 49,200 7-Sep 12 820 9,840 48 820 39,360 13-Sep 12 820 9,840 36 820 29,520 30-Sep 24 820 19,680 12 820 9,840 (E) Slipper Date Received Issued Balance Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount Quantity Unit Price Amount 1-Sep 48 900 43,200 48 900 43,200 5-Sep 12 900 10,800 36 900 32,400 7-Sep 12 900 10,800 24 900 21,600 20-Sep 24 900 21,600 27-Sep 12 980 11,760 12 980 11,760 Trading, Profit and Loss and Appropriation Account Blanna’s Fashion Boutique Trading Profit Loss Account for the year ended September 30, 2011 $ $ $ Sales 457,590 Less Return Inwards (26,400) Net Sales 431,190 Less Cost of Goods Sold: Opening Stock 24,960 Purchases 95,000 Less Return Outwards (13,600) Net Purchases 281,400 Cost of Goods Available 306,360 Less Closing Stock (54,930) 251,430 Gross Profit 179,760 Add Revenues Discount Received 7,500 187,260 Less Expenses Wages 40,000 Rent 30,000 Electricity 4,500 Insurance 5,100 Rates 2,600 Depreciation 400 Discount Allowed 18,175 100,775 86,485 Net Profit Add interest on Drawings: Shadae 620 Less: 85,865 Interest on capital Anna kay 12,500 Shadae 7500 Ovasha 10,000 30,000 Salary: Anna kay 12,000 42,000 43,865 Share of Profit: Anna kay 18,277. 08 Shadae 10966. 25 Ovasha14,621. 67 43,865 Balance Sheet Blanna’s Fashion Boutique Balance Sheet as at September 30, 2011 Fixed Assets Cost Accumulated Depreciation NBV Buildings 100000 100,000 Fixtures 65000 65,000 Machinery 48000 400 47,600 Furniture 3600 3,600 Motor Car 62840 62,840 400 279,040 Current Assets Stock 54,930 Debtors 126,400 Prepayment 1,000 Bank 239,000 Cash 123,075 544,405 Less Current Liabilities Creditors 141960 Accruals 1,200 143160 Working Capital 401,245 680,285 Financed by: Capital 600,000 Net Profit 86,485 686,485 Less Drawings 6,200 680,285 Bank Reconciliation Statement Updated Cash Book Balance b/d 239,000 Bank Charges 65 Credit Transfer 4200 Standing Order 15000 Balance c/d 228,135 243200 243200 Bank Reconciliation Statement as at September 30, 2011 Balance as per Bank Statement 222,535 Add Late Lodgments 45,000 267,535 Less Unpresented Cheque 39,400 Balance as per Cash Book 228,135 Accounting Ratios Inventory Turnover Ratio- Cost of Goods sold Average Inventory/2 =244,470 24960+61890/2 =5. 62 Current Ratio- Current assets Current Liabilities =551365 143160 =3. 85 Gross profit as a percentage of sales- Gross profit x 100 Sales =179,760 x 100 457590 = 39. 28% For every sale of $100 the business earns $39. 28 as gross profit. Net profit Ratio- Net profit / Net sales x l00 =86,485 / 431,190 x 100 =20. 06% For every sale of $100 the business earns $20. 06 as net profit. Acid Test Ratio- Current Assets- Stock Current liabilities = 544,405 54,930 143160 =3. 42 Performance of the Business In preparing the financial statements of Blanna’s Fashion Boutique the Trading, profit and loss and appropriation account shows a profit of eighty six thousand four hundred and eighty five thousand dollar (86,485) at the end of the financial period of September 30,2011. The business started out with six hundred thousand dollar. In the closing of the financial period of Blanna’s Fashion Boutique there was an increase in the amount of capital that the business has. The business made a gross profit of one hundred and seventy nine seven hundred and sixty dollars (179,760) instead of making a gross loss. Comparisons The comparison is being done between the opening capital and the closing capital for Blanna’s Fashion Boutique, at the end of the financial period. At the beginning of the financial year the opening capital was six hundred thousand dollar (600,000). At the end of the financial period the closing capital is six hundred and eighty thousand two hundred and eighty five dollar (680,285) which means there is an increase of eighty thousand two hundred and eighty five dollar (80,285). Another comparison is being done between the fixed assets of the business and the current assets. The fixed asset of the business is two hundred and seventy nine thousand and forty dollar (279,040) while the current asset is five hundred and forty four thousand four hundred and five dollars (544,405). This means that the amount of money that the business spend of items that stays in the business with no intention of selling it is lesser than the amount of money that the business spend on assets that will allow the business to generate a profit. Recommendations and Suggestions It is recommended that Blanna’s Fashion Boutique: Ploughed back a portion of the profit that the business makes into it. Introduces new products to the business. Purchase new equipment for the business Uses some of the profit that the business makes to attach another department on to the business. It is suggested that Blanna’s Fashion Boutique should: Purchase cheaper equipments to use in the business. This will increase the amount of money available in the business. Offer more sale discounts this will force more customers to purchase from Blanna’s Fashion Boutique. Conclusion It is clear that Blanna’s Fashion Boutique keeps all the records of the transactions that take place in the business over the financial period of time. Blanna’s Fashion Boutique could increase the gross profit and net profit of the business by adhering to the suggestions or recommendations outlined. Never the less Blanna’s Fashion Boutique made a good net profit of eighty six thousand four hundred and eighty five dollars (86,485) during the month of September in 2011. Blanna’s Fashion Boutique was able to make a profit due to the large amount of sales the business made. Price list Goods Price Pants $ Blouse $ Handbags $ Skirts $ Slippers $ INVOICE Debit note Principles of Accounts School Based Assessment (2012-2013) You are required to name the firm and state the nature of the business. This must be in accordance with the items sold*. After the initial accounting entries (Tasks 1 -3) have been completed you will then record the additional adjusting entries as set out at Tasks 4 and 5. You may choose goods from the following list for the transactions. * Computer Store Clothes and Accessories Store A Keyboard Pants (guess) B Mouse Blouse (guess) C Printer Hand bags (guess) D Surge Protector Skirts (guess) E Speakers Slippers (guess) ABC Enterprise (Remember that you are to rename the firm) The following transactions were taken from the books of ABC Enterprise. You are required to asses them carefully then write up the relevant books as outlined in the requirements below: 2011 Sept 1Opening Balances Capital$600, 000 Bank$364, 000 Cash$ 27, 160 Debtor (J Simpson)$ 31, 600 Creditor (Super Supreme International)$ 10, 560 Motor Van$ 62, 840 Building$100, 000 Stock 1doz A$ 10,800 1doz B $ 4,800 1doz D$ 9,360 Sept 1Bought goods on credit from Super Supreme International. 8 doz A @ $1,000 each 8 doz B @ $440 each 4 boxes C @ $1,600 each 5 doz D @ $820 each 4 doz E @ $900 each Sept 1Bought Machinery by cheque $48, 000. Sept 2Withdrew $50, 000 cash from the bank account to be used in the business. Sept 3Cash Sales 2 doz A @ $1, 650 each 1 box C @ $2, 950 each 1 doz D @ $1, 400 each Sept 3 Paid rent by cheque $30, 000. Sept 5 sold goods on credit to J. Simpson. 1 doz A @ $1, 650 each 2 doz B @ $800 each 1 doz E @ $1, 500 each Sept 6 Bought fixtures with cash $65, 000. Sept 7 Cash Sales 1 box C @ $2, 950 each 1 doz D @ $1, 400 each 1 doz E @ $1, 500 each Sept 8Paid wages $10, 000 by cheque. Sept 9Returned goods to Super Supreme International as items were damaged. 1 doz A 1 box C Sept 11Paid the following expenses by cheque: Insurance $6,100, Electricity $3,300 and Rates $2,600. Sept 13Sold goods on credit to B. Banton: 2 doz A @ $1, 650 each 2 doz B @ $ 800 each 1 box C @ $2, 950 each 1 doz D @ $1, 400 each Sept 15Made payment to Super Supreme International by cash $150, 000, received a 5% cash discount. Sept 15Paid wages with cash $10, 000 Sept 16Owner withdrew $6,200 cash to fix his personal motor car. Sept 18Collected Cheque from J. Simpson for goods sold on Sept 5th 2011, $45, 000. Sept 19Bought furniture $3,600 with cash from Courts Ja. Ltd. Sept 20Sold goods on credit to N. Kidman 2 doz A @ $1, 650 each 3 doz B @ $ 800 each 2 doz E @ $1, 500 each Sept 22Paid wages with cheque $10, 000. Sept 241 doz D returned to us by B. Banton as they were the wrong size. Sept 27Bought goods on credit from Super Supreme International. 3 doz A @ $ 1,100 each 4 boxes C @ $1, 650 each 1 doz E @ $ 980 each Sept 29B. Banton settled his account less 10% cash discount. He paid with cash. Sept 29 Paid wages $10,000 by cheque. Sept 30 Received goods from N. Kidman: 1 doz B Sept 30Cash Sales 3 doz A @ $1, 815 each 1 doz B @ $ 800 each 4 boxes C @ $3, 000 each 2 doz D @ $1, 400 each Task 1 Write up ALL Subsidiary Books and then post the transactions to the ledgers. Please ensure that you distinguish between, General Ledger, Sales Ledger and Purchases Ledger. Show the opening entries in the General Journal at September 1, 2011. Task 2 Prepare ABC Enterprise Trial Balance as at September 30, 2011 Task 3 Using the FIFO method of stock valuation, determine the closing stock. Task 4 Design a logo and slogan for your business and provide the relevant information on the business entity Prepare ABC Enterprise Trading, Profit and Loss Account for the month ending September 30, 2011 and a Balance Sheet as at that date, after taking into account the following: a) Insurance expense was paid in advance, $1000. b) Electricity was outstanding by $1, 200 c) Machinery is to be depreciated at 10 % annually using the straight line method (show the depreciation for the month). Show adjustment to the above information in the ledgers. Task 5 Prepare the Bank Reconciliation Statement using the Bank Statement below Bank Statement DR CR Balance $ $ $ Sept 1 Balance 364 000 Sept 1 Burke’s (Machinery) 48 000 316 000 Sept 2 SNPN Ltd (Cash) 50 000 266 000 Sept 8 Wages 10 000 256 000 Sept 11 NWC (Rates) 2 600 253 400 Sept 20 Wages 10 000 243 400 Sept 24 Credit transfer (Q Smith) 4 200 247 600 Sept 29 Wages

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay Example for Free

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay What was the sampling technique used and what are the advantages and disadvantages of using that technique? The researchers used a two-stage sampling method that was non-random in the first stage and randomized in the second stage. The total population was made up of 137 patients who were admitted for preterm labour. Selection from this initial population was non-random because there were exclusion criteria. The seventy women included were randomised to their treatment groups by assigning randomly generated numbers. The main advantage of using the technique was its simplicity and straightforwardness. Every individual who fit the inclusion criteria had equal chance of being selected. The disadvantage of the technique was that there was bias in the initial selection. Such bias could have affected the accuracy of the experiment. Was there randomisation? There was randomisation in the second stage of sampling, where all those women who fit the inclusion criteria were part of the sampling population. Randomisation was done by generating random numbers and assigning numbers to the women included in the study. Was it biased? There were several sources of bias in the study. The fact that the patients were all from the same clinic is already in itself introducing bias. The study was not double blind, which could also be a source of bias. The use of exclusion criteria in the first stage of sampling lessened the bias. In the second stage of sampling, efforts were done to further remove bias by assigning treatment to all included patients. No patient also left the study, thus further reducing bias. Describe the validity and power of the study Based on the researchers’ desired results, the statistical power of the study for improving latency was initially calculated be 80% with an assumption of getting standard deviation (SD) of 12 days at 5% level of significance. However, when their results came out, the power was calculated to be lower (value for this was not presented in the paper). By checking the means and SD for latency, and assuming a two-tailed analysis, power was calculated to be 51% only. This could be attributed to the high standard deviation that could in turn be due to the relatively small number of samples tested. In other similar studies, the sample population is much higher. For example, another study testing the effect of vaginal progesterone on preterm birth used 413 women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Despite the low statistical power, the results presented here are valid as preliminary data on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone to control preterm labour. The study was able to show that progesterone treatment had an effect on the other outcomes that were measured (please refer to Table 2 in the text). Background information of the hypothesis Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is widely used in hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. It is also used to induce menstruation in women who suddenly stop menstruating. Its capacity to control preterm labour was first reported in the 1980s. Oral administration of progesterone induces side effects like migraine, dizziness, vomiting and blurred vision. This was the usual mode of administration of progesterone, which was proven effective to reduce preterm labour (Meis, et al. , 2003). Since 2003, studies have reported on the use of progesterone vaginal suppository to treat preterm labour (E. B. Da Fonseca, Bittar, Carvalho, Zugaib, 2003) and even in high risk women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Until this current study, there were no previous reports on the use of progesterone to supplement tocolytic therapy, using magnesium sulphate and intravenous ampicillin, on women who actually had preterm labour. Hypothesis of the study Null hypothesis: The use of vaginal progesterone after inhibition of preterm labour will not change latency period and recurrence of preterm labour. Alternate hypothesis (what the study really wants to prove): After the inhibition of preterm labour, treatment with vaginal progesterone will result in increased latency period and decreased recurrence of preterm labour. Methodology The study was conducted on 70 women who were had arrested uterine activity after they were treated for premature labour. The women were randomized to two groups; one was administered vaginal progesterone and the other, a placebo, until delivery. Subjects were monitored for days to latency until delivery, recurring preterm labour and other primary and secondary outcomes. Different statistical tests were used to determine if the treatments resulted in significantly different outcomes. Comparisons were done using Student’s t-test for quantitative data; chi-square and Fisher exact tests, among others, were used for categorical data. Conclusion of the study The study concluded that the use of vaginal progesterone after tocolytic therapy was effective in increasing latency to delivery but not in decreasing the incidence of recurrence of preterm labour. Is it a valid assumption based on the data of the study? Describe the applicability and relevance of the paper to clinical practice. The conclusion is valid based on the data of the study. The paper and the results presented are applicable and relevant to clinical practice because it proposes a new means of treating preterm labour for increased latency. Although the recurrence of preterm labour appeared not to be reduced with the treatment, this could be due to the advanced stage of the pregnancy when the preterm labour occurred or due to the small sampling population. It is significant to note that this is the first to report on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone. Further studies can also be done to validate the results.

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal Yeseul KIM Self-Reporting of Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement with  Proposal of Future Intervention Oral parafunctional activities refer to excessive uses of mouth, tongue and jaw, including continuous chewing, biting objects, leaning on the hand, teeth grinding and jaw clenching (Winocur, Litter, Adams Gavish, 2006). Their prevalence and association with signs and physiological and psychological symptoms of dysfunction have been reported, such as facial muscle pain, headache, and feeling stress (Lobbezoo, Van Der Glas, Van Der Bilt, Buchner Bosman, 1996; Rodrà ­guez, Miralles, Gutià ©rrez, Santander, Fuentes, Fresno Valenzuela, 2011; Winocur et al., 2006). Previous research has been demonstrated the maintenance of oral parafunctional habits are resulted from temporomandibular disorders (TMD), occurred by several reasons like joint disturbances (noises, catching, and joint tension), muscular discomfort, possibly eating disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trauma (Gramling, Neblett, Grayson Townsend, 1996; Winocur et al., 2006). However, some researchers have pointed out these factors are poorly proven as the numerous number of people has the TMD problem even though they do not have other oral habits (Cairns, 2010; Fotek, 2014). Although not many studies has been done to find out the reasons of maintaining those habits in terms of operant conditioning (e.g. rewards or punishment), but it is assumed to happen due to stressful lifestyle, frustration, or personality traits such as being aggressive or competitive while a subject is awake (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). Researchers focused on treatments targeting parafunctional habits to decrease TMD pain which indicates their significant relationship with TMD (Glaros, Owais Lausten, 2007). In other words, there is possibility of reducing the psychological stress which is the positive outcomes of maintaining oral habits, however, they are more likely to produce negative outcomes such as higher pain and symptoms of TMD by clenching and grinding teeth (Glaros et al., 2007; Peterson, Dixon, Talcott Kelleher, 1993). Treatment for oral habits revolves around repairing the damage to teeth and jaw, thus dental treatment such as occlusal splint or mandibular advancement device could be in use. In addition to this, given the strong association between diurnal oral parafunctional activities like bruxism and psychological factors, habit reversal treatment has been suggested to increase a patient’s awareness of unwanted behaviours, develop an alternative to the habits, for example, relaxation of the masticatory muscles and succeed in reducing TMD pain (Glaros et al., 2007). Research results suggests that group of patients using either habit reversal techniques or splints both experienced a great deal of relief from pain. In fact, habit reversal treatment is the one of the effective techniques in treating several motor disorder (Azrin Nunn, 1973; Peterson et al, 1993). According to Glaros, Hanson and Ryen (2014), 6-week-period habit reversal treatment was administered to reduce tooth contact and muscle tension in terms of headache by DTMT, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D). Thirty-seven participants with TMD were selected between ages of 18 to 65 and completed the questionnaire to diagnose headache and TMD in the first phase. For the next phase, only 23 participants those who had headache from the phase 1 enrolled the treatment. They were given information about headache, facial pain, the role of oral behaviours in headache, and effect of tooth contact during the treatment session, then practiced DTMD treatment every two hours with a pager signal, and whenever they detected the tooth contact or facial muscle tensions. Although results from application of treatment in the phase 2 interpreted participants reported less pain and disability but the headache symptom did not change for 6 week trials. However, they showed a significant reduction of intensity of parafuctional habits after the treatment, but the period should be longer to reveal more powerful effects as they did not find a strong relationship between oral habits and headache. Habit reversal treatment was delivered to eliminate the motor behaviours, and negative though reversal method was given as the instructions to remove stress factors (Gramling et al., 1996). 17 qualified participants were recruited through the local newspaper advertisement, who reported TMD, with a symptoms such as mandibular joint sound, locked jaw and tenderness in the jaw. However, only the data collected from nine patients were analysed as they attended at least five sessions to be completers the whole therapy process. Before the treatment, treatment expectations and satisfaction from participants were measured to find out the relationship with outcomes such as decrease in frequency or intensity of oral behaviours. To get those descriptive information, participants filled out the facial pain diary four times in a day. Also, they answered to the questionnaires about the eleven different oral behaviours with ten-point scale, from â€Å"never† performed to â€Å"almost always†, and about the psychological distress with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Treatment conducted over a 24-week period, and three treatment groups of 5 to 6 people met weekly for seven consecutive weeks in 90-minute sessions. During the sessions, participants kept record an oral habit self-monitoring form to increase awareness of their own oral habits, thereby making habit reversal possible. They also continued and recorded practices for deep breathing and facial exercises practice throughout the whole sessions, which interrupt and reverse their oral behaviours. As the result of this study, Gramling et al. (1996) pointed out that habit reversal treatment strategy may be an effective intervention for many persons suffering from facial pain as participants shown significant decrease of rating pain by the end of treatment, which is consistent with diary data, however, the frequency and intensity of oral habit did not illustrate notable decrease. Peterson et al. (1993) investigated only 3 patients with variety of ages and gender traits who carried habit reversal treatment for 6 week, 1 hour sessions per week. This case study showed different results by individuals, but generally concluded the habit reversal could help reducing pain and increasing maximum opening for some TMD patients, and possibly more helpful for muscle-related problem than joint-related problem. Also, those who have been remaining oral habits for long time, it is more difficult to change such behaviours. The aim of current research project, self-reporting from one subject, is to understand the oral behaviours and reduce the frequency and possibility of TMD. By analysing the potential cause and background history of behaviours, subject could understand the significance of reducing parafunctions in terms of physical and mental health. Method Participant Y is a 25 year old female international student at University of Queensland, currently working in a travel agency who recently found out her excessive oral parafunctional activities with 14-month duration and feel anxiety of temporomandibular disorders. Operational Definition Oral parafunctional activities referred to making excessive movement of mouth and jaw including clenching jaw or grinding teeth while awake, and possibly combined with biting lips and presence of joint sounds. These behaviours were scored when (a) repeatedly occurred in a daytime, (b) whether subject is alone or not, (c) presented one or multiple behaviours at the same time. For example, grinding teeth while sleeping and making a single movement in lower jaw were not scored, while clenching teeth for 5 seconds and biting lips after jaw clicking are scored. In addition to this, simply opening mouth while talking and eating, or touching the temporomandibular joint could not be scored. Behavioural Recording Technique Self-monitoring method was chosen for this research, because subject was able to collect data when she was alone, or with other people. Also, such behaviours are often not easily to be observed by someone else. For the records, whenever subject noticed the oral parafunctional activities, she made notes on mobile device or paper with specific description of occasion, for the 14 consecutive days. However, accuracy of recording could be contaminated as it is very likely make errors while counting if behaviours occurred unconsciously. Also, Peterson et al. (1993) noted self-monitoring could affects the frequency of habits, by reducing teeth clenching and grinding. Results The general pattern from results of current project are shown in the Figure 1. Over the 14 days of monitoring period, the mean of frequency of oral habits occurred in a day is 12.29. The highest number reported during the period is 45, which is from the Day 13 while the lowest point is from Day 8. The possible reasons for these consequences have a strong relationship with the performance generated anxiety related to subject’s academic works on the reported dates. The Day 13 was the due date for the assignment graded higher percentage, it is assumed that the participant had a great level of anxiety. Also, she was awake for long time to complete the assignment, therefore, an excessive repetition appeared because a number of oral parafunctional activities was counted while subject awake. However, on the 8th day, none of oral habits was presented as the participant enjoyed the relaxation from the assignment and took a resting at home with the presence of intimate person. The reduction of anxiety was likely to stabilise her mental status, in contrast to other days of monitoring. According to the similarity in frequency between Day 6 to Day 11, subject maintained everyday routines such as going to university and working. The circumstances that she presented those habits were generally on the bus for commuting and doing task without interaction to others. It could possibly mean the absence of attachment to relatives made her isolated and generated slightly stressful situation. On the other hands, when the participants concentrated on non-stressed activity such as mobile game, she did not show many parafunctional habits. This participant who has an oral habits with excessive movement of teeth and jaw, illustrated that those behaviours has been stimulated by different reasons. Awareness of her asymmetric jaw became the trigger of habits when she was young. In addition to this, Changes in her circumstances in work place or university and being alone are significant factors as they generate stress, and currently the level of anxiety of failing academic achievement accelerated the frequency of behaviours. Consequences of behaviours can be short term and long term, such as immediate feeling fear or pain, reduction of stress, and significant health disorder related to temporomandibular joint and tooth. These consequences are reinforcers or punishers which increase or decrease the behaviours. Discussion Current research project were developed to understand the oral behaviours and reduce them which could cause unwanted consequences. The general findings from this study are when the participant has a higher degree of negative emotional states such as anxiety of academic achievement, receiving work related complaints, or being alone feeling lonesome. These results of current research partially supported the previous research in terms of the relationship between oral parafunctional behaviours and stressful routines (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). In fact, SORCK analysis found out significant positive reinforcers of behaviours in this study are related to structures of jaw. In other words, the misbelief that moving mandibular joint can balance the asymmetric jaw leads the repetition of behaviour in pursuit of better physical appearance. Subject has mentioned the prominent jaw was her physical complex once, and when she heard the joint making sound after movement, she started the excessive movement habits. As discussed previously, habit reversal treatment has been proved as the effective method of reducing the parafuntional activities by many reserchers (Glaros et al., 2007; Gramling et al., 1996; Peterson et al., 1993). However, it is actually difficult to change the shape of jaw with the behavioural therapy that administered by previous researchers. To change her excessive behavioural patterns, the most important aspect of treatment should consider the belief of positive reinforcers. Therefore, habit reversal treatment can be adapted in slightly different way for future intervention. Among the habit reversal treatment, participant need to complete the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to find out the psychological distress which is the main factor of oral habits. About the obsession of physical attractiveness, Self-Esteem Scale (SES) required to be answered to indicate participant’s feeling towards self-descriptive statements, as well as the scale of pain around mandibular area. During the 2 week treatment period, participant will carry out the practice of 60-minutes DTMD treatment, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D), while watching the mirror image of self. After the practice, participant gives verbal compliment to self, with written demonstration of how she proud of herself. The purpose of this intervention is to dismiss the misbelief of jaw movement, and develop new positive reinforcers with new oral habits. Earning self-esteem with attendance of treatment sessions will be a great positive reinforcer to the habit reversal activities (DTMD) which take the place of the oral parafunctional habits. Participant will record the frequencies of oral parafunctional habits every day during the treatment, and rate the pain from 0 to 10, and self-esteem scale after the whole process was completed. It is expected to participant would decrease the frequency of oral habits and show correlation with more points for self-esteem and less level of anxiety if this intervention is successful. Compliment to self will be the negative reinforcer in relation to the oral parafuntional habits, which will be declined, thus the rating of pain is assumed to be dropped in the later stage. However, it is uncertain the behavioural therapy related to self-esteem has the actual impact on its development. Also, one of the drawbacks for this intervention is designed for one person, thus it can be more effective if another patient engage during the treatment sessions, and give compliment to one another. Similarly, the results from the current self-monitoring has a limited aspect in terms of duration. Participant could suffer some health issues such as flu and extending the duration of monitoring will help to observe more reliable data. Also, the method of self-reporting has the definite limitation that reporting could be underestimated when participant delivers the behaviour unconsciously, and when the subject is too aware of monitoring â€Å"self† before she commits the behaviours, like Day 8 shown in current research results. These limitation needs to be covered to get more reliable data and better performance of further treatment.

Changes in Eliza in Pygmalion :: George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion Essays

Changes in Eliza in Pygmalion Before Eliza first encountered Mr. Higgins, she was simply a dirty, yet caring girl in the gutter of London. During her time with both Mr. Higgins and Colonel Pickering, Eliza did change, for the fist few weeks of her stay in Wimpole Street, she questioned everything that Higgins asked her to do, and generally couldn't see how they would help her. Later, Eliza begins to understand that Higgins, as harsh as he is, is trying to do his best to teach her, and therefore should be respected. After the ambassador's ball, we see more of the old Eliza resurfacing. She starts to worry again, and since she has grown attached to Higgins and Pickering, is devastated to see their finding her so trivial. Eliza's basic character remains relatively unchanged. We can still observe the old Eliza, under the upper-class persona. The play, "Pygmalion" brings out the message that looks can be extremely deceiving, while touching on the issue that self presentation really does change the way peop le look at you. Act I of the play first introduces the reader to the rich of London. The author, Bernard Shaw, uses these well moneyed citizens to display the contrast between them and Eliza. In this act, Eliza has yet to be introduced to the world of the rich, and is portrayed by Shaw as in innocent dreamer. Eliza is concerned for her own safety, in making sure that it was know that she only wanted to sell a flower to the gentleman. She is persistent in a kind way; the reader sees this when she tries eagerly to sell to the gentleman without change. It becomes apparent that she is very poor, and needs success from her flower selling to live a life at all. Eliza shows great pride in her line of work, and that she stays above the law, not resorting to illegal prostitution or stealing. The introduction of Higgins taking down Eliza's speech gives the author a further chance to display Eliza's will to stay innocent and good. Another way that Shaw shows us the real Eliza is in the way that she starts crawling over the dirty ground to locate the money thrown down at her by Higgins.

Thanksgiving :: essays research papers

Thanksgiving Day In today’s meeting, the President of the United States of America, George W. Bush, officially announced he is having a Thanksgiving party at his ranch in Crawford, Texas this weekend. Throughout the day, invitations were sent out all over the White House. My body grew tremendously excited at the possibility that maybe this year I would be invited. My partner Bill walked in with his invitation in his hand, wagged it around as though it were merely nothing to him and then threw it aimlessly towards the trash can but missed. My eyes grew large as I was extremely angered by the offense he had just committed in front of me. To my surprise, he caught my severe look and politely asked, â€Å"Would you rather go instead of me? I could simply change the name without anyone knowing.† The tension on my face began to ease as I looked up at him from my seat and to my amusement my lips formed a strong smile in answer to his question. The process took only a short moment but in that t ime I carefully observed the paper in Bill’s hand and couldn’t help but notice its beauty. The thickness of the card clearly showed its expense and the soft colors of the shade blue played along the edges of the card, showing its artistic side for the affair. And now I was a member. Once I got to my apartment I called my family back home to tell them about the exciting news. Father wasn’t home but the message was reassured to get through to him, making sure plans were still set. I packed everything I thought I would need and headed off to sleep. My legs trembled as they always did at times like these and before I knew it the sunlight crept into my bedroom, slowly covering it completely. Now, it was time to go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I arrived at the ranch on time with everybody else so that I would blend in. There stood President Bush, his lovely wife Laura and the adorable twins Barbara and Jenna. It was the twin’s 23rd birthday as well, so the celebration was going to be a big hit. On the left side of the President stood everybody else from his team like Vice President Richard B.Cheney, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, Secretary of State Powell, and National Security Advisor Rice. The Vice President seemed happy and eager to eat as he kept rubbing his pot belly.

Literary Minimalism and Jean François Lyotard :: Free Essays Online

Literary Minimalism and Jean Franà §ois Lyotard 1. Anne Beattie has been called a writer of minimalist fiction. Jean Franà §ois Lyotard’s theories concerning postmodern expression have many similarities to this style. In this paper some of Lyotard’s philosophical contributions to postmodernism will be presented as mission statements for, and/or an explanations of, the minimalist style. 2. First, minimalism as a style will be explained through examples from Anne Beattie’s story "Girl Talk" along with other commentary. To begin, minimalism, as Madison Smart Bell wrote . . . may fairly be described as a school because its representative work contains, as if by prescription, a number of specific elements: A trim, ‘minimal style, an obsessive concern for surface detail, a tendency to ignore or eliminate distinctions among the people it renders and a studiedly deterministic, at times nihilistic, vision of the world’ (Rebein 34). 3. Indeed, the minimalist style of writing is one that lacks distinct amounts of color. It is this tedious pen that writes stories such as "Girl Talk," by Anne Beattie, in which a pregnant woman narrates her experience at her boyfriend’s mother’s birthday party. The attention to surface detail that Bell notes can be seen Beattie’s almost page long description of each of the characters’ toes sitting at a table after dinner. The narrator describes each person in detail: "The twins that are not twins have baby toes that curl under" "Craig has square toenails" "Barbara has long toenails" (31). In this segment there does not seem to be anything below the surface --such as social commentary or opinion of humanity--just feet. This devotion to almost pointless description without commentary fits the minimalist style, as Robert Rebein says in his book Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists that minimalism "is neither insightful nor even reasonably articulate" (37). 4. This lack of articulation can also be seen in the opening lines of the story, "Barbara is her chaise. Something is wrong with the pool. . ." (Beattie 28). These lines merely describe things lazily and without meaning, not even using the description that is devoted to toes later in the story. 5. Bell also mentions an aspect of nihilism in regard to minimalism. Among its definitions, Webster’s Dictionary defines nihilism as the belief that "all existence is senseless and there is no possibility of an objective basis for truth." This definition can be applied to minimalism in that the writing style never purports to reveal a truth about the world it creates.

Objectives of Punishment Essay

The objective of punishment in the criminal justice system it to enforce a particular penalty on a person who is in violation of the law; such enforcement should have an effect so great that it will deter that person from continuing to violate the law and prevent other offenses (Foster, 2006). Punishment is based on four major objectives; deterrence, incapacitation, reformation, and rehabilitation. Deterrence is based on discouraging a person from committing a criminal act, the pain and fear of punishment are enough to scare a person from following through with such acts. Incapacitation is achieved by protecting society from the criminal by incarcerating the person so he or she can no longer be a threat to others. Reformation is the act of changing a person while he or she is incarcerated in order to help a person become a law abiding citizen. This happens through programs that are put in place to help a person understand the law and that it is there to protect society. Rehabilitatio n is gained by therapeutic and educational programs that help the offender become more aware of the rules and regulations so he or she can be prepared to be a part of the society again. The rehabilitation process may help the offender find a job so that he or she may feel as if they are a part of society and this is a more permanent solution to this issue; whereas, reformation may be a temporary fix to the problem (Foster, 2006 pg. 67). Punishment assists with achieving institutional objectives in the criminal justice system by offering and incorporating programs that can deter criminals from further committing crime. Some of these programs may consist of therapeutic, educational, and work-related punishments that help reform and rehabilitate the offender; by doing this, the criminal justice system is showing the offender how to become an active part of society while knowing right from wrong. These programs can have temporary or long-term effects on the offender, either way; they are productive in refining justice. Reference Foster, B. (2006). Corrections: The Fundamentals. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.